How To Make Money Online

Fifteen billion smackers: That's the value Microsoft recently slapped on Facebook when the computer giant invested $240 million for a 1.6% stake in Mark Zuckerberg's online social-networking site.
You could seethe with envy--or you could chase your own fortune on the Web.

Some online businesses require only a few hundred dollars in equipment, while others demand significant hardware and perhaps even a warehouse. Some might make you rich; others might just cover beer money. And all involve various levels of time, capital and technological skill.
In Pictures: Eight Ways To Make Money Online

"Some people have dreamed about owning their own business and have not followed through because of the investment in resources," says Jim Griffith, head of eBay University, for those aiming to set up shop selling goods at the online auctioneer's site. "The Internet allows people to at least try without making a large initial investment."

Army veteran Brandi Ramos of Springfield, Ill., did it. As a single mom in need of extra income, she started her online retail career peddling "big and tall" men's clothing on eBay.

Three years later, Ramos, 32, makes a good living working online out of her 600-square-foot basement packed with hanging displays and baker's racks piled with tupperware containing underwear and belts. Ramos aims to offer quick service, answering all e-mails within four to six hours. She claims to net $25,000 on $100,000 sales a year, and even earns a few bucks per order on shipping.

If managing inventory seems too big a chore, play virtual landlord and charge other retailers monthly fees (or per-transaction fees) for the opportunity to market their products on your site. Amazon.com (nasdaq: AMZN - news - people ) nabbed 28% of its revenues this way in 2006.

Craigslist is another take on this model: The 25-person company, worth a reported $2 billion, charges businesses to post help wanted ads in San Francisco, New York and L.A.; it also collects fees for apartment listings in New York City. Total page views per month: about 5 billion.

Then there's every pajama-clad blogger's dream: producing content supported by advertising dollars. Selling advertising is how thousands of established online media outlets pay their electric bills. They charge advertisers two ways: by the number of overall Web pages (called "impressions") served up, and by the number of people who click on the ads.

Setting up a blog requires not much more than a basic publishing program, a server and software to track ad clicks. The hard part, though, is attracting enough eyeballs to make it worth someone's while to pay to advertise on your site.

To have any prayer of attracting large advertisers, sites need to attract at least 500,000 unique visitors per month, says David Hauslaib, publisher of Jossip.com, a media and gossip blog that counts Coca Cola (nyse: KO - news - people ) and Sketchers among its advertisers. Sadly, even if you do generate enough traffic, the "click-through" rates on ads tend to be quite low--in the neighborhood of one half of 1%.

Subscription-based models are even harder to crack. Unless your site fulfills an urgent need (for tangible investment ideas, a potential mate, etc.), users aren't likely to pay for the content.

One way to garner subscription revenue is to run a virtual marketplace. These sites collect by allowing buyers and sellers easy access to each other. Many of these marketplaces flamed out in the dot-com bust, but some persist. Mfg.com, for instance, matches equipment manufacturers with smaller component suppliers. Dating sites like Match.com charge subscription fees for access to their members. And H2Bid.com links municipalities with wastewater-equipment vendors.

As with tangible real estate, you can buy virtual plots (URL addresses), flip them and make a buck.

GoDaddy.com sells unused domain names for under $10 dollars apiece. To attract buyers, run tests to determine how often certain key words are searched so that you can demonstrate the likelihood that your URL will show up in a Google (nasdaq: GOOG - news - people ) or Yahoo! (nasdaq: YHOO - news - people ) search. One tip: The best domain names are short, sweet, specific and easy to remember. (For more on this model, check out "Meet Noah Of The Internet" and "The Most Expensive Web Addresses.")
As Internet usage grows, so too will the sophistication of online business models. Take 3-year-old

Yoonew.com, which sells futures contracts on sports tickets.
Fans buy the right to take delivery of tickets if their teams make it to a coveted playoff game, perhaps months away. Given the uncertainty of the bet, those contracts sell for a fraction of the future market value of the underlying tickets. If your team makes it to the big game, you've locked in a cheap seat; if it falls short, you lose that insurance premium.

Yoonew makes money when the revenue it collects from selling all those contracts exceeds the cost of delivering a small number of very expensive tickets on game days. The danger: If ticket prices spike, or there are no seats available, the company could suffer a loss or alienate its customers.
Sure, you can make money online. But no one said it was easy.

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How to Make Money Fast

Need a little extra cash in a hurry? Follow these steps and you're bound to have a fuller pocket by the end of the week. It may not be much, and it may not be reliable, but your options are limited if you're short on time. Later, you can read up on long-term ways to make money, reducing expenses, saving, and investing. Otherwise, hurry up and follow these steps so you can make money ASAP!

Step:

1. Consider day labor. There are employment agencies that specialize in this type of arrangement, and you can get paid at the end of the workday. The jobs you find through an agency can vary, but are usually in construction, factories, offices, and manufacturing. An alternative to finding day labor is to go where other day laborers meet (usually street corners or parking lots) and wait for employers (building contractors, landscapers, home owners and small business owners). If you go the non-agency route, you might get paid in cash. You can also check your local newspaper or internet classifieds to find quick labor gigs, like painting, mowing, or moving work. When considering a day labor opportunity, keep in mind that less formal arrangements could result in you not getting paid or worse, you getting injured without any kind of compensation.
2. Sell something. Dig out that old guitar you never play, those CDs you don't listen to anymore, or your antique toy collection. Go to the pawnshop, put an ad on local internet classifieds, or hold a yard sale in front of your house or on a busy street corner (just display the item with a big sign announcing the ridiculously low price). Price items at half of what somebody would be able to buy them for anywhere else, and you may be able to sell them within an hour or two. You can also sell items online at web sites like eBay, Amazon and Craig`s list.Or sell something you made.
3. Become a street performer. If you can dance, play music, or tell jokes, you can probably get some cash by performing in public. But don't do this unless you are actually good at it. Put together a good act and find a place to perform. Give people a dose of live entertainment, and hopefully they'll reward you with tips
4. Panhandle. A panhandler is a person who depends on the spontaneous charity of strangers for their survival. If you really need the cash, you might swallow your pride and decide to ask for help. Make a sign, find a good location, ask politely for money, and say thank you. Cyberbegging is becoming increasingly popular, and there have been some amazing success stories, but these are the exception rather than the rule. While there are some sites on which you can beg just by putting up a brief ad, if you're looking to make any substantial money you'll probably have to build your own site and invest the time and money into it to make it successful.
5. "Donate" plasma. Plasma is a component of blood, and the process is similar to donating blood. You're not permitted to actually sell your plasma, but you can be compensated for your time spent donating (and essentially, it's like selling your plasma). Your blood is drawn, the plasma is separated, and the red blood cells are returned to your body. You can make US$20-30 per visit and give plasma twice a week, but you must weigh at least 110 pounds, be between the ages of 18 and 59, and be in good health.^[1] Many college students do this to make extra cash.^[2] If you haven't been to the doctor in a while, this may be a good way to get a free health checkup
6. Recycle. Broke because you bought too much soda? Turn the old cans into cash by bringing them in to be recycled. If you don't have your own cans, go looking for them in trash cans or along busy roads, especially rural roads. Call up several recyclers to compare prices. If you live in a state with a bottle or can deposit system, you may be able to get 5 or 10 US cents per container. Other scrap metals are also worth something, so if you've got a big pile of scrap in your backyard or you know of an illegal dumpsite, you can pick it up in your truck and anywhere from 1 or 2 cents per pound for scrap steel to considerably more for metals such as copper or aluminum.^[4]
7. Open a lemonade stand. Especially if you're a kid, a lemonade stand or baked goods stand can bring in good money in one day. If the lemonade isn't selling, or you want to diversify, sell cookies and brownies as well. The important thing here is to find a good location, like the main entrance to an apartment building, outside a shopping center, on a busy corner near your house, or outside one of your parents’ workplaces (if you're a kid; otherwise you might get in trouble).
8. Enter sweepstakes. By choosing sweepstakes carefully, you can increase your likelihood of hitting the jackpot (or at least getting a few useful freebies that you can sell, as mentioned above). Search the internet-- there are even internet databases, some free and some by subscription only, that can clue you in to hundreds or thousands of sweepstakes. Sweepstakes with smaller prizes can be great because you generally have a more realistic chance of winning. Don't, however, waste your time entering a sweepstakes for a prize you don't want and can't easily sell for a good profit. Enter as many times as possible. The more times you enter, the better your odds. It's as simple as that. Before you send in a million entries, however, make sure you know how many entries the rules allow you.
9. Become a moving advertisement. Creative marketing companies might be willing to pay you to get their name out there. Some interesting strategies that people have gotten paid for:
    
    
   • Turning their car into a moving advertisement; there are companies with bumper sticker programs as well.
   • Wearing t-shirts, clothes, costumes that advertise a business.
   • Temporary tattoos on the forehead, a pregnant belly, and other parts of the body
10. Finally, if you're desperate, look by the laundry room! Often, people will leave everything in their pockets, and it'll come out when it's washing/drying, or it'll fall when you take it out of the washer/dryer.

Warning

• Make sure that whatever you're doing does not violate any local laws or regulations.
• If going the day laborer route, keep in mind that there is animus against these types of workers, i.e. illegal aliens.
• If you are going to sell something, make sure that the price isn't too high or else no one will buy it. Also, make sure that it isn't too low, or else you won't be able to make a lot of money (an exception to this is if you are seriously desperate). For example, a cup of lemonade would be too expensive at $2.00, but if you slash that price into quarters (about $1.00), it would be reasonable.
• ONLY do this at your house. Not at your friends', and not at the laundromat. However, if you find an insignificant amount of money at the laundromat, that you still want, if no one seems to have just dropped it or is looking for it, then it's probably okay. (Insignificant=$1 or $2.) Also, if you're at your parents house, please don't take more than $10-$20 from the laundry room. Your parents pay bills! Money is very important in these times, and not just for that GREAT peach lip gloss that all your friends have!

http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Money-Fast

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WiMAX: Improve Indoor Coverage

As such WiMAX operator have an urgent and need to optimize indoor coverage must a oftens users access from indoor location. A contributing factor towards poor indoor coverage is WiMAX' high operating frequency range, which make difficult for radio waves to penetrate through building. Currently numerous initiatives focus on the backbend system (Radio Access Network or Core Network) to optimize the network, however, at the end of the day, indoor coverage remains unsatifactory. There are 4 methods that can be employed by WiMAX modems to enhance indoor coverage

1. improve uplink receptiuon through antenna technology


2. use of appropriate antenna type


3. optimal modem placement


4. boosting indoor coverage with WiFi

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Radio Frequency Optimization of GSM

Abstract: GSM network consist of different cells and each cell transmit signals to and receive signals from the mobile station, for proper working of base station many parameters are defined before functioning the base station such as the coverage area of a cell depends on different factors including the transmitting power of the base station, obstructing buildings in cells, height of the base station and location of base station etc. The Drive Test (DT) perform in RF optimization GSM network to assure the availability, integrity, & reliability of the network. 

Keywords: RF Optimization, GSM network Optimization, Drive Test.

1. Introduction

1.1 RF Optimization of GSM

RF Optimization of GSM network can be done by performing the Drive Test (DT). Before DT we check the azimuth and Tilt of the antennas mounted on the tower. In DT, first we locate the site then we connect the TEMS, GPS with PC and start Software TEMS 9.0. Then we make slogs of the following: TRX, in this we make 20 calls at each section of 20 seconds, the next log is INETR, and we make long drive for testing hand over to adjacent BTS and coverage. The other log is INTRA, in this we make round a circle clockwise and counter clock wise to the BTS and check the handovers between the adjacent cells. In last, we make log of GPRS, in this RF Engineer checking the GPRS service in all BTS cells.

1.2 Objectives of study

Cambodia is one of the fast growing countries of the world in the field of Telecommunication. As it grows up the needs of the users is going to be increased, we can say that GSM technology has been the major obstacle for mass adoption of a true Cellular experience and achieving a seamless Cellular communication. RF Network Optimization is an ongoing activity for all wireless networks. By gathering and analyzing network data and revising network parameters Cellular communication achieved by using proper RF Planning and Optimization.

1.2 Problem Statement

How to optimize the BTS successfully is the real challenge. As we move further ahead the need for better technologies and reliability of services, integration and cost effective solutions have become a necessity for service providers. If the optimization is successfully performed means you achieve the QoS, reliability, availability, more profit and more customers.

2. RF Optimization Techniques

2.1 GSM Optimization

2.1.1 Fast and Accurate Network Optimization

Using measurement data generated by real subscribers as well as the traditional network data sources, the GSM Network Optimization Service gives you the tools you need for hardware optimization, analysis of performance statistics, database analysis, call trace analysis, and frequency planning optimization. Now you can collect data from your entire network no matter which vendors’ equipment you use and improve performance across the board, and automated analysis also means you get results with significantly shorter times.

2.1.2 Network Coverage

An optimized network performs better and subscribers notice the difference. So you can achieve higher customer satisfaction by reducing the number of dropped calls, thereby reducing churn and increasing customer loyalty.

2.1.3 GSM Network Optimization Methodology

Hardware Analysis

• Analysis of potential hardware problems in the network not detected by ‘normal’ fault management methods.

Performance Statistics

• Analysis of performance statistics, with standard graphical information sheet for each cell.

• Analysis of potential hardware problems in the network not detected by ‘normal’ fault management methods.

Call Trace Analysis

• Detects problems with antenna tilts.

• Detects problems with Base Transceiver Subsystem (BTS) output power.

Frequency Planning Optimization

• Re-definition of handovers and assigned frequencies. 

2.1.4 GSM Network Optimization Service

• Accurate neighbor topologies to ensure smooth handovers and call distribution.

Higher quality will be achieved only through fast and accurate network optimization, arming the operator with:

• Efficient spectrum utilization to meet capacity demands.

• Optimal frequency allocation to ensure good call quality.

2.2 The GSM Radio Interface Study

One of the main objectives of GSM is roaming. Therefore, in order to obtain a complete compatibility between mobile stations and networks of different manufacturers and operators, the radio interface must be completely defined.

The spectrum efficiency depends on the radio interface and the transmission, more particularly in aspects such as the capacity of the system and the techniques used in order to decrease the interference and to improve the frequency reuse scheme. The specification of the radio interface has then an important influence on the spectrum efficiency.

2.2.1 Multiple Access Scheme

The multiple access schemes defines how different simultaneous communications, between different mobile stations situated in different cells, share the GSM radio spectrum. A mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), combined with frequency hopping, has been adopted as the multiple access schemes for GSM.

2.2.2 Channel structure

A channel corresponds to the recurrence of one burst every frame. It is defined by its frequency and the position of its corresponding burst within a TDMA frame. In GSM there are two types of channels:

• The traffic channels (TCH) used to transport speech and data information.

• The control channels used for network management messages and some channel maintenance tasks.

2.3 RF Optimization Equipments

2.3.1 LAPTOP

In RF Optimization the RF Engineer analysis all parameters during the drive test and install all the software on the Laptop system.

2.3.2 TEMS

This TEMS Investigation Software supported Cellular Mobile specially design to perform RF Optimization related activity and it is connected with the Laptop System and then it is operated from the Laptop for analysis of Optimized data.

2.3.3 GPS Device

This GPS device is also connected with the Laptop System with Map Info software support it used for its basic operation to locate the position.

2.3.4 COMPASS

It is used to check the Tilt of the antennas mounted on the tower and RF Engineer make sure the antennas is angled on the right position as it angle is mentioned in the DT order.

2.4 Supporting Software’s

2.4.1 TEMS Investigation

TEMS Investigation is an air interface test tool for real-time diagnostics. It lets you monitor voice channels as well as data transfer over GPRS, EDGE, Circuit-switched (CSD) or high-speed circuit-switched (HSCSD) connections.

2.4.2 MapInfo Professional

With MapInfo Professional, the power of computer mapping is at your complete disposal. You can display your data as points, as thematically shaded regions, as pie or bar charts, as districts, etc.

3. Performing the Drive Test (DT)

3.1 DT Order & Locating BTS

After successful installation of software’s now we check the DT order and go through the specification of the BTS and then note the different specification in which we find the BTS identification Code, Azimuth, Tilt and etc, as in the DT order BTS location identity is define we note that BTS ID and then we locating the BTS premises by using the Map Info software and reach on that location.

3.2 On air the site for testing

After reaching at the BTS site the RF Engineer communicate with BSS Engineer and check the azimuth and also check the tilting of mounted antenna on the BTS for the conforming the angled at right coverage area. Then start the BTS system and on air the site for RF Optimization testing and then start the Drive Test (DT).

3.3 Start the Drive Test (DT)

3.3.1 INTRA

In Intra RF Engineer perform drive test to check the handover of Intra cell in which RF engineer observe the soft and hard handover between the cells' BTS. He takes drive clockwise and counter clockwise of the BTS.

3.3.2 INTER

In Inter RF Engineer perform drive test to check the handover between the neighboring BTS. He observe the soft and hard handover in idle and dedicate mode between the defined neighbors and also check the SQI, Rx level, call establishing, call drop, and coverage of the BTS up to the 9 KM in each cell of BTS. 

3.3.3 TRX (Transceiver)

In TRX RF Engineer takes 20 calls of 20 seconds duration in the middle of the each cell of the BTS. In this RF Engineer Analysis the HO (HandOver), Hoping Frequency, C/I (Carrier to Interface), SQI. 3.3.4 GPRS

In this RF Engineer check the GPRS service of the mobile service operator in each cell at any location of the cell.

3.3.5 Junk

In this log RF engineer store the junk data which he take some pictures which shows the reason of attenuation in the Rx level at any particular area such as large buildings, mountain area, and etc.

3.4 Dropped Calls

There is a wide range of factors can result in that a subscriber fails to complete a call satisfactorily. The only problem many subscribers will tolerate in a public network is a busy tone from the called party. Unfortunately, reality does not always match expectations when it comes to mobile network, which results in customers complaining about poor performance of the service.

3.4.1 Dropped Call Analysis

1. Check dropped calls per cell. Select cells with high dropped call rate.

2. Check reason to dropped calls for selected cells

3. Check ratio of lost handovers to drop calls.

3.5 Handover Performance

Handover is a key function in a GSM network. If the handover performance is poor the subscriber will perceive the quality of the network as bad. Handover performance statistics should preferably be measured on 24 hour data or longer.

3.5.1 Unsuccessful Handover

There can be two reasons why an attempt is counted as unsuccessful: either the mobile station was lost or the call was reverted to the old cell and channel.

4. RESULTS

In this chapter here is scenario of the final test drive of any BTS so in this the areas which are colored show the signal strength at different location of any site.

The green area show the strong signal coverage, yellow color show the less strong than green but acceptable for communication, and the orange area and purple area show the week signal coverage.  

5 CONCLUSION

As per demand for cellular services increases, operators need to be able to test and troubleshoot their networks to ensure performance quality. Drive Test is the ideal solution for testing GSM networks offering cellular and data services. In drive test operators to test network performance. Using the same services offered to their subscriber. In addition to providing data measurements on such parameter as throughput and delays. The drive test saves time and money by identifying problems immediately, provides the most complete GSM Services supports, and increase customer satisfaction to reduce churn.

REFERENCES:

1. Cellular Communication Networks by Gerald Williams partial fulfillment of the term project requirements for ECE 404, Computer Networks, at Lehigh University.

2. TEMS Investigation GSM 5.1 by Ericssons

3. MapInfo Professional by Map Info Corporation

4. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)     

http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/gsm/index.asp

5. http://www.alino.biz/Images/tems2.htm

(Syed Subhan Ali Rizvi, Dr. Amir Hassan Pathan SZABIST Karachi, Pakistan

Email: subhanrizvi@gmail.com, Contact #: 03337023883)

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Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN

The Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN) is a unique number given to each radio channel in GSM. The ARFCN can be used to calculate the exact frequency of the radio channel.

Within the GSM900 band ARFCN 1 to 124 are used. In the GSM1800 band ARFCN 512 to 885 are used. The ARFCNs used in GSM1900 overlap with the ARFCNs used in GSM1800. In GSM1900, ARFCN 512 to 810 are used. A multiband mobile phone will interpret ARFCN numbers 512 to 810 as either GSM1800 or GSM1900 frequencies. The mobile phone will need an additional parameter BAND_INDICATOR to make the correct interpretation.

 

A complete list of the ARFCNs and the associated radiochannels is given in the table below.

 

Band	Name	ARFCN	Uplink (MHz)	Downlink  (MHz)
GSM400	GSM450	259 ≤ n ≤ 293	450.6 + 0,2×(n-259)	fup(n) + 10
	GSM480	306 ≤ n ≤ 340	479.0 + 0,2×(n-306)	fup(n) + 10
GSM700	GSM750	438 ≤ n ≤ 511	747.2 + 0.2×(n-438)	fup(n) + 30
GSM850	GSM850	128 ≤ n ≤ 251	824.2 + 0.2×(n-128)	fup(n) + 45
GSM900	Primary GSM	1 ≤ n ≤ 124	890 + 0.2×n	fup(n) + 45
GSM900	Extended GSM	0 ≤ n ≤ 124 975 ≤ n ≤ 1023	890 + 0.2×n 890 + 0.2×(n-1024)	fup(n) + 45
GSM900	GSM Rail	0 ≤ n ≤ 124  955 ≤ n ≤ 1023	890 + 0.2×n 890 + 0.2×(n-1024)	fup(n) + 45
GSM1800	GSM1800 (DCS1800)	512 ≤ n ≤ 885	1710.2 + 0.2×(n-512)	fup(n) + 95
GSM1900	GSM1900  (PCS1900)	512 ≤ n ≤ 810	1850.2 + 0.2×(n-512)	fup(n) + 80

 

See also http://www.telecomabc.com/a/arfcn.html

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